Today's lesson is Daddy's fears. It is about Retinopathy of Prematurity. On the 2nd day, Daddy told doctor that THIS was his MAIN concern.
Alas, here we are. Yes, she is in the 80% percentile to get the disease. She is under 1000 grams at birth, less than 28 weeks, and blond haired and blue-eyed girl. She was destined to get some form of it, right now we are Stage 2 Zone 2. From this point on we can go either way. She can fix it herself, or we need to have eye surgery to make sure she can see.
So your thoughts over the next two days is tiny, tiny strings crossing a speedbump. Please get this thought in your head. Your pink lard has done well, we now weigh the most EVER at 1191 grams, 2lb 7 oz.
WOW, big girl got a milk gut on her. You GROW girl!!! Woohoo.
Now I need you to focus, please focus all your energy on the tiny strings crossing a speedbump. We can do this. We must do this. Daddy has had a VERY emotional day. His fears has reared his ugly head, and I will beat them back!! We will beat them back. We must! For those of you wondering what ROP is, of course, you knew, I would give my lesson now.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP), originally called retrolental fibroplasia, was the leading cause of blindness in children in the 1940s and 1950s. It was first described in the medical literature in 1942 by Terry. In 1952, Campbell theorized that the condition was caused by the use of oxygen therapy to treat the immature lungs in premature infants. Today, we realize that oxygen is not the only factor in developing ROP. High levels of oxygen have been associated with ROP, but lower levels of oxygen may lead to more respiratory complications and death in premature infants. Better oxygen level monitoring has led to better control of the oxygen given to premature infants. Today, however, there is an increase in ROP due to the fact that neonatal care advances mean more low weight premature infants are surviving.
Statistics
ROP occurs in over 16% of all premature births. In babies weighing less than 1,700 grams at birth, over 50% will develop ROP. In the United States, over 2,100 children annually experience the complications of ROP. Of those estimates of 500 to 1,200 cases of new blindness or severe complications are reported. Studies have found that about 30% of infants with advanced ROP have 20/200 or less in their better eye.
Risk Factors
There are a number of risk factors that are associated with ROP. These include:
Infants born under 32 weeks gestation
High levels of supplemental oxygen
Weight less than1500 grams (the lower the birth rate, the higher the incidence)
Concurrent illnesses
Anemia
High carbon dioxide levels
Seizures
Bradycardia (low heart rate)
Apnea
Mechanical ventilation
Blood transfusions
Intraventicular hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain)
Multiple prenatal maternal factors including heavy smoking, diabetes, and preeclampsia
The Cause
From 16 weeks to birth, retinal blood vessels grow out from the optic nerve to reach the peripheral retina. The last twelve weeks of a normal 40 week gestation are crucial in the development of fetal eyes. In premature infants, the normal growth of blood vessels stops. It is theorized that the area without adequate blood supply emits a chemical trigger to stimulate growth of the abnormal vessels. These vessels lead to a formation of a ring of scare tissue attached to both the retina and the vitreous gel that fills the center of our eyes. As the scar contracts, it may pull on the retina creating a retinal detachment. Regardless of the gestation age at birth, ROP seems to occur at about 37 to 40 weeks.
Doctors classify ROP by anatomical zones, clock dial like location within the eye and stages of severity. Zone 1 is the center of the retina while zone 3 is the far peripheral retina. In 1984, an international classification system was developed. Stage 1 is the mildest form of ROP while Stage 5 is the most severe indicating total retinal detachment. Doctors may also use the terms “popcorn” referring to a scarring that is regressing following abnormal vessel growth. The term, “hot dog”, may refer to a red hot ridge of increasing abnormal vessel growth.
Vision Complications of ROP
The retina may become stretched and pulled by the contraction of the scars in the eye. This may physically pull the macula, the most sensitive part of the retina, causing abnormal vision. It may also cause folds in the retina and lead to retinal detachment.
The retina is the light sensitivity “film-like” portion of the eye. A retinal detachment occurs when this delicate tissue is dislodged from the internal walls of the eye. Retinal detachment (RD) is common in patients with ROP. In many cases, it leads to profound vision loss. Early detection and treatment is crucial. In stage 5, the most severe form of ROP, retinal detachment surgery may not be attempted due to the poor prognosis versus risk of operating on a premature infant.
Strabismus is another complication and it is the crossing in or turning out of an eye. This may occur from the loss of vision in one eye or be related to the large refractive differences between the eyes. This difference is called an anisometropia or antimetropia. For example, one eye may be 1 unit of myopia (nearsightedness) while the other eye is six units of nearsightedness.
Due to the vision loss or the strabismus, there is a loss of depth perception. Amblyopia is another condition found in ROP patients. It is a loss of vision in one eye, because the brain does not use that eye to see. Ambylopia can occur from either the strabismus or the large difference in refractive error between the two eyes.
Both cataract and corneal problems can develop. Severe damage may lead to Phthisis bulbi, a shrinking of the severely damaged eyes. Glaucoma may develop either early or as a later in life complication of ROP. Additionally, ROP patients may have high amounts of nearsightedness called myopia.
In patients who experience significant vision loss, nystagmus, a rapid fluttering of the eyes, may occur. Nystagmus is common in all patients whose vision loss occurs at an early age.
Complications Later in Life
Up to 10% of all premature infants may develop glaucoma later in life. Sudden angle closure glaucoma has been found to occur in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life. Additionally, 20% of those without ROP will still develop strabismus (the crossing or turning out of the eyes) and significant refractive problems requiring prescription eyeglasses. Additionally, approximately 3% of ROP patients will develop retinal detachments later on in life. Patient’s eyes must be examined regularly throughout their life.
Prevention
To prevent ROP, good prenatal care is essential. This care lessens the risk of delivering premature infants. Next, careful monitoring of oxygen therapy and other risk factors are crucial to preventing ROP. In the hospital, monitoring by a retinal specialist skilled in ROP is essential in lessening the advancement of ROP.
Treatment
Cryotherapy or the freezing of the retinal tissue has been used since the 1970s to treat ROP. Today, laser therapy has been shown to be as effective as cryotherapy, but with less systemic side effects. Both therapies work by destroying a small part of the retina, thus reducing the need for oxygen and abnormal blood vessel growth. It may also thin the retina allowing more oxygen to diffuse into the retina.
If a detachment of the retina occurs, scleral buckling may be required. It is a procedure that places a band around the globe of the eye. This brings the retina back into contact with the inner layers of the eye. A vitrectomy is used to remove scar tissue from within the eye in the more severe cases of ROP. During the vitrectomy, the lens of the eye is usually removed as well.
Due to the difficulty of performing these surgeries on the small eyes of premature infants, these surgeries are usually performed only by a small number of ophthalmologists with extensive experience in ROP. We have Doctor White, a very nice lady who does this all day. We have asked her to be Jonna's eye doctor forever, or until 18. She said yes, and understands my concerns. She will do her best, I really feel like she will.
Ok you know your thoughts of the day....get to thinking!!!!!!!